Glossary of Terms

Adjustment disorder: a condition that causes behavioral or emotional symptoms in response to a stressor that impairs occupational, social, or other important areas of function more than normally expected (American Psychiatric Association, 2022)

Asperger's syndrome: a general diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder in which an individual presents persistent deficits in difficulty in understanding social reciprocity, starting and maintaining relationships, and using nonverbal communication and reflective of repetitive motor movements, rigid adherence to routines, and fixated interests (American Psychiatric Association, 2022)

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a neurodevelopmental disorder that involves inattention, hyperactivity or impulsivity, or a combination of those symptoms (American Psychiatric Association, 2022)

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD): individual presents at least two of the following four behaviors: inflexible to changes in routine, fixated or restrictive interests that may be abnormal in focus or intensity, hypo- or hyperactivity in response to sensory input or abnormal fixation with sensory aspects of the environment, and repetitive movements, speech, or use of items (American Psychiatric Association, 2022)

Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID): an eating or feeding disturbance so pervasive that one is unable to meet appropriate nutritional needs as not explained by a lack of food being available, medical condition, or mental disorder (American Psychiatric Association, 2022)

Agoraphobia: fear of situations or places that may cause feelings of embarrassment, entrapment, helplessness, or panic (American Psychiatric Association, 2022)

Anorexia nervosa: body image disturbance, undue influence of body weight or shape on self-evaluation, or denial of the seriousness of the current low body weight which may be influenced by the restriction of energy intake or intense fear of gaining weight (American Psychiatric Association, 2022)

Artegenic approaches: explore and explain interactions and inform approaches towards increasing client wellbeing using biblical-based rationale (Johnson, 2010)

Anxiety disorders: characterized by excessive anxiety and fear as well as related behavioral disturbances, including avoidance symptoms (American Psychiatric Association, 2022)

Biblical counseling view: acts as a foundation that intertwines biblical compositions, interpretations, and themes toward increasing wellbeing (DiFonzo & Johnson, 2024)

Bibliotherapy: encourages creative processes, emotional expressiveness, interpersonal engagements, recollection, relational reflections, and relaxation through characterization, journaling, poem reading, and writing to facilitate wellbeing against mental illness (Peach, 2023)

Binge eating disorder: eating rapidly or sense of control over eating during distressed, secret episodes at least once a week for three months (American Psychiatric Association, 2022)

Bulimia nervosa: self-evaluation is unduly influenced by body shape and weight causing binge eating and compensatory behaviors at least once a week for three months, eating large amounts of food within a 2-period marking sense of lack of control, or recurring inappropriate compensatory behavior, like diet pills, exercise, laxatives, or vomiting (American Psychiatric Association, 2022)

Charisma: framed to be intersectionality between fruitful emotions and the collective psyche in which crises arise from inner inadequacies in the scope of psychological interventions (Shamir et al., 1993)

Charismata: a directional service of God to enhance the obtainment of reconciliation, redemption, and sanctification among people (Wolters, 2005)

Charismatic leadership: those that have high levels of emotional resonance, expressiveness, moral conviction, and self-confidence that increases follower identification and vision alignment (Hall & Grant, 2014); the six charismatic leadership characteristics are communication, compassion, confidence, creativity, determination, and vision (Nikoloski, 2015)

Charismatic leadership theory: conceptualized as the effects of follower cognitions and task-related behaviors as a result of emotional attachment, motivational arousal, and enhancement or confidence, self-esteem, trust, and valences (i.e., mission trajectory) articulated by the leader (House & Howell, 1992)

Client wellbeing: a multi-dimensional concept covering a state of happiness and contentment, with low levels of distress, overall good physical and mental health and outlook, or good quality of life (Jarden & Roache, 2023)

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT): a form of psychological treatment that has been demonstrated to be effective for a range of problems, including alcohol and drug use problems, anxiety disorders, depression, eating disorders, martial problems, and severe mental illness (American Psychological Association, 2017)

Cultural competency: incorporate client-preferred, like faith-based, considerations within practice interactions in psychological-based practices through collaborative care models (American Psychiatric Association, 2022)

Depressive disorder due to another medical condition (DDAMC): directly caused by a separate medical condition, like a chronic illness or medication side effect (American Psychiatric Association, 2022)

Depressive disorders: a mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest, among other symptoms (American Psychiatric Association, 2022); a mood disorder in which depression is the defining feature (Spielman et al., 2020)

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM): the handbook used by health care professional in the United States and much of the world as the authoritative guide to inform diagnoses, interventions, and symptoms of mental disorders (American Psychiatric Association, 2024)

Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD): for children up to 12 years of age with persistent unipolar irritability and frequency episodes of extreme behavioral dyscontrol (American Psychiatric Association, 2022)

Eating disorders: behavioral conditions characterized by severe and persistent disturbance in eating behaviors and associated distressing emotions and thoughts that can seriously impact psychological, physical, and social functioning (American Psychiatric Association, 2023)

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD): excessive and difficult-to-control worry about everyday activities or events that occurs more days than not for at least six months with symptoms that can be reflective of difficulty concentrating, disturbed sleep, easy fatigability, irritability, muscle tension, and restlessness or feeling on edge (American Psychiatric Association, 2022)

Grace-based counseling: an extension of the biblical counseling view as a result (Fowler & Ford, 2021)

Life coaching: a practice aimed at helping people to achieve personal and professional development by focusing on their aspirations and goals (Shaw & Glowacki-Dudka, 2018)

Major depressive disorder (MDD): discrete episodes lasting at least two weeks in which there are substantial changes in affect, cognition, and neurovegetative functions (American Psychiatric Association, 2022)

Mental illness: causes declines to emotional, psychological, and social wellbeing or ability to handle stress, relate to others, or make healthy choices (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2023)

Persistent depressive disorder (PDD): formerly dysthymia, a continuous and chronic form of depression with less acute symptoms that fluctuate for at least two years (American Psychiatric Association, 2022)

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): a condition that occurs after exposure to a traumatic event that may have involved actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence (American Psychiatric Association, 2022)

Premenstrual dysphoria disorder (PMDD): a specific and treatment-responsive form of depressive disorder that begins sometime following ovulation and remits within a few days of menses and has a marked impact on functioning (American Psychiatric Association, 2022)

Psychotherapy: an aim towards treating dysfunctional behavioral patterns, emotional reactions, and thinking through assessment, communication, diagnoses, interaction, and treatment (American Psychological Association, 2024)

Radical behavioral approach: a model used towards cognitive behavioral therapeutic interventions that highlights classical and operant conditions towards behavioral changes and includes facets of the information-processing model of cognition where cognitive phenomena are considered towards behavioral mechanisms to promote self-control and -regular (Dozois et al., 2019)

Rationalism: Differences between constructs, facts, and sources of knowledge can be drawn following epistemological pursuits (Sol & Heng, 2022); leads to the understanding of capacities, development, practice, research, and theory to improve desired outcomes (Levin & Hanson, 2020)

Socialized charismatic leadership: Barack Obama, Mahatma Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr., and Mother Theresa have directed notable and substantial changes among people with egalitarian approaches (Ţîrlea, 2016)

Stigmatization: those with mental health often experience discrimination, exclusion, and social isolation across domains levels, including in their communities and with their families and providers (Powell et al., 2023)

Substance abuse disorder: a pattern of symptoms that occurs when someone continues to use a substance despite its negative effects, which falls into four categories: impaired control, physical dependence, risky use, and social problems (American Psychiatric Association, 2022)

Tobacco withdrawal: experiences of anger, anxiety, depressed mood, difficulty concentrating, frustration, insomnia, irritability, or restlessness within 24 hours of reducing or stopping tobacco use (American Psychiatric Association, 2022)

Published November 23, 2024